Tatlandırıcı gıda

Tatlandırıcı, yiyecek ve içeceklerde tatlı bir tat sağlayan çeşitli doğal ve yapay maddelerden herhangi biri. Tatlandırıcı güçlerine ek olarak, gıdaların korunması, fermantasyon (demleme ve şarap yapımında), pişirme (dokuya, yumuşatmaya ve mayalanmaya katkıda bulundukları yerlerde) ve gıda kızarması ve karamelizasyon gibi işlemler için kullanılabilirler. Doğal tatlandırıcılar hem besleyici hem de lezzetli olabilir ve bu nedenle hem gıda hem de lezzet verici olarak popüler olabilir. Bununla birlikte, yaygın şeker ve bal ve mısır şurubu gibi diğer besleyici tatlandırıcılar sağlık sorunları (obezite ve diş çürüğü gibi) ile ilişkili olduğu veya hatta yaşam için bir tehdit (diyabet hastaları için) olduğu için, 19. yüzyıldan bu yana üretim çabaları olmuştur. metabolizmaya tabi olmayan ve çok az kalori içeren veya hiç kalori içermeyen besleyici olmayan tatlandırıcılar. Besleyici olmayan tatlandırıcılar,bunlar yapay (sentetik) olabilir veya bitkilerden türetilebilir, sakarin, aspartam, siklamatlar ve taumatin gibi bileşikleri içerir.

pişirme: tatlandırıcılar

Normal buğday unu yaklaşık yüzde 1 şeker içerir. Çoğu sükroz, maltoz, glikoz ve fruktoz gibi fermente edilebilir bileşiklerdir. Ek

Şeker sukroz gibi bilinen karbonhidrat bileşiklerinin bir kategorisi için genel bir terim olan, ya da sakaroz (C, ₁₂ H ₂₂ O ₁₁). İlişkili bir grup bileşik mısır şekeri (glikoz veya dekstroz), meyve şekeri (fruktoz veya levuloz), süt şekeri (laktoz) ve malt şekeri (maltoz) 'dir. Sükroz bir disakkarittir; yani, iki basit şekerden veya monosakkaritlerden (glikoz ve fruktoz) oluşur. Şekerlerin en tatlılarından biridir. Sükroz 1 standardı olarak alınırsa, glikozun tatlılığı 0.5-0.6, laktozun 0.27 ve maltozun 0.6 olması; meyve ve balda bulunan fruktoz, sukrozun 1.1 ila 2.0 katı kadar tatlıdır.

Sucrose is commercially derived chiefly from sugarcane and sugar beets but also comes from such sources as maple trees, sugar palms (especially date palms), and sorghum. Sucrose is found in all plants: an apple is about 4 percent sucrose, 6 percent fructose, and 1 percent glucose (by weight); a grape is about 2 percent sucrose, 8 percent fructose, 7 percent glucose, and 2 percent maltose (by weight). Honey is composed principally of fructose and glucose, the composition depending on the original nectar collected by the honeybee and on the amount of processing and storage time.

In the development of low-calorie sweeteners, the problems are several and are not limited to sweetness. Some sweeteners lose their sweetness at high temperatures (making them often unsuitable in cooking) or lose the sweetness over time (giving them a short shelf life). Some nonnutritive sweeteners have an undesirable aftertaste. Sugar furthermore has functional properties not found wholly in any other sweeteners. Sugar adds bulk and texture to baked goods; it helps in forming the structure of the baked food, provides moistness, tenderness, and antitoughening characteristics, and contributes to leavening. In addition it has a preservative effect (as in jellies and preserves) and helps generally to prevent spoilage. It serves as food for fermenting organisms that are important in making such things as alcoholic beverages, breads, and pickles. In soft drinks, in addition to providing sweetness, sugar provides “mouthfeel” and body and helps to stabilize the carbon dioxide. Sugar, in sum, has many functional properties in food, and no other sweetener has so far been developed to duplicate all or even many of them.

The artificial sweetener saccharin (ortho-sulfobenzoic acid imide) was discovered in 1879 by two German researchers, I. Remsen and C. Fahlberg, and has about 300 to 500 times the sweetening power of cane sugar. It is manufactured on a large scale in several countries in the form of saccharin, sodium saccharin, and calcium saccharin. Although its safety was the subject of controversy during the 1970s and’80s, it is still widely used.

Cyclamates, a group of synthetic sweeteners derived from cyclohexylamine or cyclamic acid, were discovered in 1937 and are about 30 times as sweet as sucrose. Although used in several countries, cyclamates were banned in some countries (notably the United States, in 1969) after being suspected of carcinogenicity.

Aspartame, or aspartylphenylalanine (marketed as NutraSweet, Equal, Egal, or Canderal), was discovered in 1965. It has some caloric value (though negligible) and is about 150–200 times as sweet as sucrose. Its safety remains controversial, but it is now the most popular sweetening ingredient in diet soft drinks. It tends to lose its sweetness over long periods, but manufacturers have taken measures to enhance the stability through additives.

Thaumatin, a protein extracted and purified from Thaumatococcus danielli, a plant found in western Africa, has found increasing use in Japan since its approval there in 1979. It combines well with monosodium glutamate and is used in typical Japanese seasonings as well as in chewing gum.

Acesulfame potassium (marketed as Sunette) was approved in the United States in 1988. It is about 130–200 times as sweet as sucrose, has good shelf life and high stability, and was initially used in dry food mixes.

Stevioside, derived from the plant Stevia rebaudiana, has been used in Japan, Paraguay, and a few other countries as a low-calorie sweetener. It is about 300 times as sweet as sucrose.

A potential noncaloric sweetener, patented in the United States in 1981, is “left-handed” sugar, or L-sugar. It is chemically identical to sucrose except that its molecular structure is an opposite mirror image of standard “right-handed” sucrose; it is said to look, act, and taste like sucrose, but the human body seems not to recognize it and metabolize it, so that it passes from the body basically unchanged. The manufacture of L-sugar, however, has proved prohibitively difficult and expensive.

Research—mainly in Europe, North America, and Japan—continues on hundreds of potential sweeteners.