İçindekiler:
Sam Rayburn, tam Samuel Taliaferro Rayburn, (6 Ocak 1882'de doğdu, Roane ilçesi, Tenn., ABD), ABD Siyasi Başkanı olarak görev yapan Amerikan siyasi lideri, 16 Kasım 1961'de öldü, Bonham, Teksas). Yaklaşık 17 yıldır temsilciler. İlk kez 1912'de Meclise seçildi ve orada 48 yıl 8 ay boyunca sürekli olarak görev yaptı, bu da ölüm anında rekor bir görevdi. Art arda 25 kez Kongre'ye seçildi. Capitol Hill'deki bir kongre binası olan Rayburn House Ofis Binası anısına anıldı.
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Rayburn'un ağırlıklı olarak İskoç kökenli ailesi 1887'de Tennessee'den Teksas'a taşındı ve orada Rayburn 40 dönümlük bir çiftlikte büyüdü. Doğu Teksas Normal Koleji'nde (şimdi Teksas A&M Üniversitesi — Ticaret) yol aldı, okul öğretti ve avukat oldu. Altı yıl (1907-13) Teksas Temsilciler Meclisi'nde görev yaptı ve 1911'de konuşmacı seçildi. Ertesi yıl neredeyse yarım yüzyıl kaldığı ABD Kongresi'ne seçildi.
Enerjik, çalışkan, hırslı ve nazik Rayburn, hükümet ve parti siyasetindeki perde arkasında hızla etkili oldu. Interstate ve Dış Ticaret güçlü Ev Komitesi'nin başkanı (1931-37) olarak Yeni Anlaşma'nın önemli bir mimarı idi. Temsilciler Meclisi üyesi olarak, altı önemli yasadan (Acil Durum Demiryolu Taşımacılığı Kanunu, “Menkul Kıymetlerde Gerçeklik” Yasası, Borsa Kanunu, Federal İletişim Yasası, Kırsal Elektrifikasyon Yasası ve biri) tüm New Deal yasalarının en acı çekişenleri arasında Kamu Hizmet Kuruluş Şirketi Kanunu.
Rayburn was elected Democratic leader of the House of Representatives in 1937 and became speaker of the House on Sept. 16, 1940. He held the latter office for almost 17 years, exceeding by a wide margin the previous record set by Kentucky statesman Henry Clay in the first quarter of the 19th century. Noted for his tart common sense, his honesty, and his unflagging patriotism, Rayburn was a trusted adviser to Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, and John F. Kennedy. A dedicated party man who described himself as a Democrat “without prefix, without suffix, and without apology,” Rayburn was often called “Mr. Democrat.” He was permanent chairman of the Democratic National Convention in 1948, 1952, and 1956. After he won the battle in 1961 to enlarge the House Committee on Rules—the hardest internal House struggle in 50 years—Rayburn’s health failed quickly. Before Congress adjourned that year, he went home to Bonham, Texas, where he died.
Legacy
At the time of his death, Rayburn was regarded as an extraordinarily able legislator who had gone on to become the most effective speaker of the House since Joe Cannon was divested of his power in 1910. That assessment of Rayburn did not change in the decades following his death. His pivotal role in the House as a broker between the Northern and Southern wings of the Democratic Party, however, was later better understood and appreciated. During Rayburn’s tenure, power in the House was lodged in the hands of committee chairs who gained their positions through seniority. Because the American South still was overwhelmingly Democratic and the Republican Party was not competitive there, Southern Democrats in the House—with their seniority and their control over chairs of committees—tended to have great power. Northern Democrats tended to be more liberal than their Southern counterparts, but their lack of seniority and committee chairs diminished their influence in the House. Rayburn brokered the interests of both wings of the Democratic Party.
Although the office of speaker at that time lacked great formal powers, Rayburn used the limited influence of the office to maximum advantage. He also relied heavily on his personal prestige, his skill at persuasion, and personal friendships built up over decades in the House to bridge the regional differences within the Democratic Party and to forge a working majority in the House. His leadership style usually resulted in congenial relations not only between the Northern and Southern wings of the Democratic Party but also between Rayburn and the Republican leadership of the House—a considerable accomplishment, especially when viewed in the light of the divisive House of Representatives in the early 21st century.
